The azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) murine model is commonly used to study colitis-associated cancer. read more The human commensal bacterium, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) secretes the Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT) which is necessary and sufficient to cause colitis. We report that BALB/c mice infected with WT-ETBF and administered three cycles of AOM/DSS developed numerous, large-sized polyps predominantly in the colorectal region. In addition, AOM/DSS-treated BALB/c mice orally inoculated with wild-type nontoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (WT-NTBF) overexpressing bft (rETBF) developed numerous polyps whereas mice infected with WT-NTBF overexpressing a biologically inactive bft (rNTBF) did not promote polyp formation. Unexpectedly, the combination of AOM+ETBF did not induce polyp formation whereas ETBF+DSS did induce polyp development in a subset of BALB/c mice. In conclusion, WT-ETBF promoted polyp development in AOM/DSS murine model with increased colitis in BALB/c mice. The model described herein provides an experimental platform for understanding ETBF-induced colonic tumorigenesis and studying colorectal cancer in wild-type mice. © The author(s).Purpose The purpose was to select a simple and reproducible method for lipid measurements of human tears with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Two sample preparation procedures were evaluated and compared the Bligh and Dyer (BD) liquid-liquid extraction method with chloroform and methanol and protein precipitation with isopropanol (IPA). Methods Reproducibility and recovery efficiencies of 20 non-endogenous internal lipid standards were tested in 10-µl tear samples from healthy subjects. The lipid coverage and the simplicity of execution were also assessed. Lipid profiles of the tear extracts were acquired with UHPLC-MS, uhpland the lipids were identified using SimLipid software. Results Both methods were robust producing good lipid coverage and reproducibility and high recovery efficiencies. The two protocols identified a 69-feature tear lipidome that covered 11 lipid classes from six different lipid categories. The main differences in recovery were due to the intrinsic lipid selectivity of each solvent. Although both methods were similarly efficient in recovering O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acid (OAHFAs) and non-polar lipids, polar lipids were more efficiently recovered with IPA precipitation, which, in turn, exhibited higher reproducibility. link2 In addition, IPA precipitation is automatable and simpler than the BD approach. Conclusions IPA precipitation is an excellent procedure for extracting lipids from small tear volumes for quantitative large-scale, untargeted lipid profiling, which may be useful for identifying lipid biomarkers in tears from patients with different ocular surface pathologies, allowing personalized therapies to be designed. Copyright © 2019 Molecular Vision.Qualitative interview styles have been guided by precedent within academic disciplines. The nature of information sought, and the role of interviewer and interviewee are key determinants across styles, which range from doxastic (focused on understanding interviewees‘ experiences or behaviors) to epistemic (focused on co-constructing knowledge). In this article, we position common interview styles along a doxastic-epistemic continuum, and according to the role of the interviewee (from respondent to equal partner). Through our typology and critique of interview styles, we enhance epistemic interviewing by introducing „deliberative interviews,“ which are more debate oriented and closer to equality in the interviewee and interviewer relationship than existing interview styles. Deliberative interviews require a comprehensive, pre-interview briefing on the subject matter followed by interactive deliberation wherein complex issues are debated across viewpoints in an effort to devise solutions. The effectiveness of this interview style in generating new knowledge warrants empirical testing across academic disciplines. © The Author(s) 2018.Cervical pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy. Heterotopic cervical pregnancy is much more rare scenario. This is a case of Heterotopic cervical pregnancy treated successfully by transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences.Ovarian torsion is defined as partial or complete rotation of ovarian vascular pedicle, leading to the obstruction of venous outflow and arterial inflow. It is an emergency condition with an incidence of 2%-15% in patients with adnexal masses. The main risk in ovarian torsion is an ovarian mass or an enlarged ovary with a long pedicle. Due to the rotation of ovarian tissue axis on its vascular pedicle, there is compression of vessels followed by stromal edema, hemorrhagic infarction, and necrosis of adnexa. link3 Expedient diagnosis poses a difficult challenge because clinical presentation is a variable and often misleading. We report a case of right ovarian torsion after oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization, where vaginal sildenafil citrate was successfully used to reduce ovarian edema by improving venous drainage. It also helped in maintaining ovarian tissue perfusion and preventing reperfusion injury and spontaneous detorsion of the ovary without any surgical intervention. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences.Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome is a rare condition, wherein a genetic male is phenotypically female and is raised as a female. Treatement requires timely gonadectomy, need for long term hormonal replaceent therapy, psycological and genetic counseling. The type, dose, duration of hrt is not well studied. Reproductive issues also need to be addressed in these young woman. We report here a case of complete androgen insensitivity which posed a quandary for management of long term bone health. Review of literature for management is discussed. These cases are best managed by a multi-disciplenary team comprising of gynecologist, geneticist, endocrinologist and clinical psycologist or psychiatrist. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences.Swyer syndrome is a 46 XY pure gonadal dysgenesis. Affected individuals are phenotypically female with external female genitalia, hypoplastic Mullerian structures, and the presence of streak gonads. Gonadectomy is indicated due to increased risk of development of malignancy in streak gonads. We hereby report a case of 15-year-old patient with Swyer syndrome who underwent laparoscopic gonadectomy. Histopathological examination showed streak gonads with the presence of accessory adrenal cortical tissue. The patient was put on hormonal replacement therapy postsurgery. Heterotopic adrenal rest may be an incidental finding in normal ovary and testis. Its presence in streak gonads has never been reported, and we propose a theory of increased risk of gonadal and adrenal tumors, possibly because of mutations in disorders of sex differentiation. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences.β-thalassemia is a common single-gene disorder in India, with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) being the only cure. HSCT with matched unrelated donor is less successful, whereas finding a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related donor is difficult. Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic diseases (PGT-M) with HLA matching is a novel option to have a matched sibling for HSCT for couples having an affected child. We present the first such case report in India. A couple, both carriers of β-thalassemia and having an affected son, underwent PGT-M with HLA matching combined with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies of embryos to have a β – thalassemia-free child. This resulted in birth of a 10/10 HLA-matched sibling. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences.Aims Metabolic syndrome among PCOS sisters may vary depending on the phenotype. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among different phenotypes of PCOS sisters. Design Case control study. Materials and Methods Two hundred sisters of PCOS patients and 99 age matched healthy controls underwent history, clinical examination, biochemical parameters for metabolic syndrome and hormonal assessment. Results Of 200 sisters, 85 were unaffected (UA group), 21 sisters had hyperandrogenemia (HA group), and 94 sisters had irregular periods or hyperandrogenemia. We observed that the frequency of metabolic syndrome among PCOS sisters was comparable to age and weight matched controls (30% vs 27%). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in HA and AFFECTED sisters (around 30% in both) compared to UA sisters (20%). The presence of metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with age, BMI, HOMA-IR and free testosterone. After correction for age and BMI, metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with HOMA-IR (P – 0.05) and free testosterone (P – 0.03). Conclusion Based on above findings, we conclude that affected sisters and those with higher age, BMI and hyperandrogenemia have a high risk of metabolic syndrome compared to unaffected sisters. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences.Objectives Oocyte donation pregnancies are more frequently complicated by preeclampsia (PE), which cause significant fetal-maternal morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to determine risk factors for PE in oocyte recipients (OR). Our secondary objective was to describe the course of pregnancy and the neonatal outcome in this group. Methods This was a historical-prospective study. One hundred and fifty OR who gave birth to children at over 22 weeks of amenorrhea between January 2010 and June 2018 were included in the study. Results Risk factors for PE in OR found in univariate analysis were as follows primiparity, primipaternity, body mass index (BMI), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) of the OR and age and AMH of the oocyte donors (OD). In multivariate analysis, the BMI of the OR (odds ratio [OR] 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.1-1.4], P = 0.0474) and the AMH of the OD (OR 1.2, 95% CI [1.2-1.4], P = 0.0481) were found to be statistically significant risk factors for PE. In addition, we observed an increase in the rate of prematurity in the OR that were not associated with fetal growth retardation, despite the occurrence of PE. Conclusion In OR, the allogeneic nature of pregnancy induces an increased risk of PE, the pathophysiology of which seems different from that in other methods of conception. Thus, risk factors for PE should be reconsidered to take into account the impact of certain characteristics of OD such as age and AMH. Copyright © 2019 Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences.Background Cryopreservation of all embryos followed by transfer in subsequent cycles has emerged as an effective alternative to fresh embryo transfer (ET) in order to overcome the negative effect of superovulation on endometrial receptivity. Aims The aim of this study was to compare the reproductive outcomes between fresh ET and first frozen ET (FET) from „freeze-all“ group of embryos. Setting This study was conducted at a private in vitro fertilization center. Design This was a retrospective study. Patients and Methods A total of 503 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria between 2012 and 2017 were included. Of 503, 386 patients underwent fresh ET and 117 patients underwent FET following cryopreservation of all embryos. The results of only first FET were considered to eliminate the confounding factor of poor-quality embryos in subsequent transfer. Results FET resulted in statistically significant higher live birth rate (44.44% vs. 33.41%), implantation rate (45.08% vs. 30.22%), and clinical pregnancy rate (57.