Participants in pain had smaller task-evoked pupillary responses, which is thought to be an indicator of task engagement. However, the behavioral effects of pain from Experiments 1 and 2 were not replicated in Experiment 3. Taken together, pain led to poorer performance in the form of an increase in the relative frequency and extremeness of slow responses, increases in off-task thoughts, and reductions in a physiological indicator of task engagement. These data speak to theories of how pain competes with task goals for attention and negatively impacts behavior. The broader implications of this work are the identification of a low-level mechanism by which pain can interfere with normal cognitive functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).The rise of peer-to-peer platforms has represented one of the major economic and societal developments observed in the last decade. We investigated whether people engage in racial discrimination in the sharing economy, and how such discrimination might be explained and mitigated. Using a set of carefully controlled experiments (N = 1,599), including a pre-registered study on a nationally representative sample, we find causal evidence for racial discrimination. When an identical apartment is presented with a racial out-group (vs. in-group) host, people report more negative attitudes toward the apartment, lower intentions to rent it, and are 25% less likely to choose the apartment over a standard hotel room in an incentivized choice. Reduced self-congruence with apartments owned by out-group hosts mediates these effects. Left-leaning liberals rated the out-group host as more trustworthy than the in-group host in non-committing judgments and hypothetical choice, but showed the same in-group preference as right-leaning conservatives when making a real choice. Thus, people may overstate their moral and political aspirations when doing so is cost-free. However, even in incentivized choice, racial discrimination disappeared when the apartment was presented with an explicit trust cue, as a visible top-rating by other consumers (5/5 stars). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Intensive case management (ICM) is important in psychiatric rehabilitation but there is a need to „graduate“ clients. The purpose of this research was to review the literature on criteria used and outcomes of graduating clients with severe mental illness from ICM programs.

A systematic review conducted in 2019 used keyword searches in all major research databases. This search yielded 1,142 articles which were distilled to 20 studies that reported a graduation process from an ICM program (11 studies), and/or reported clinical or psychosocial outcomes after graduation (15 studies).

Three main methods have been used to determine graduation Clinician judgment (

= 8 studies), rating scales (

= 4), or shared decision-making (

= 3). Across studies, graduation rates ranged from 1% to 25% over a 1-year period, 44% to 65% over a 2-year period, and 9% to 29% over a 4-year period. After graduation, 4%-14% of graduates had to be readmitted to ICM but 60% of studies reported positive client outcomes after graduation which included significant reductions in hospitalizations, and improvements in quality of life, unmet needs for care, and family relationships. Sitagliptin research buy Only two studies reported negative outcomes after graduation which included hospitalizations, homelessness, incarceration, and treatment drop-out.

ICM programs can successfully graduate clients to less intensive services, and there are procedures available to guide graduation decisions but no universally agreed-upon method. Additional research is needed to identify optimal methods for graduation for different client populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

ICM programs can successfully graduate clients to less intensive services, and there are procedures available to guide graduation decisions but no universally agreed-upon method. Additional research is needed to identify optimal methods for graduation for different client populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Emotions play a fundamental role in language learning, use, and processing. Words denoting positivity account for a larger part of the lexicon than words denoting negativity, and they also tend to be used more frequently, a phenomenon known as positivity bias. However, language experience changes over an individual’s lifetime, making the examination of the emotion-laden lexicon an important topic not only across the life span but also across languages. Furthermore, existing theories predict a range of different age-related trajectories in processing valenced words. The present study pits all of these predictions against written productions (Facebook status updates from over 20,000 users) and behavioral data from three publicly available megastudies on different languages, namely English, Dutch, and Spanish, across adulthood. The production data demonstrated an increase in positive word types and tokens with advancing age. In terms of comprehension, the results showed a uniform and consistent effect of valence across languages and cohorts based on data from a visual word recognition task. The difference in reaction times to very positive and very negative words declined with age, with responses to positive words slowing down more strongly with age than responses to negative words. We argue that the results stem from lifelong learning and emotion regulation Advancing age is accompanied by an increased type frequency of positive words in language production, which is mirrored as a discrimination penalty in comprehension. To our knowledge, this is the first study to simultaneously target both language production and comprehension across adulthood and in a cross-linguistic perspective. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Objective Sexual and gender minority people of color (SGM-POC) experience intersectional forms of minority stress, including heterosexism within racial/ethnic minority communities, which can contribute to feelings of conflict between SGM and racial/ethnic identities. Internalized stigma may be a consequence of sexual orientation-based discrimination but has not been tested as a mechanism linking intersectional minority stress to identity conflict among SGM-POC. We hypothesized that the association between experiences of heterosexism in racial/ethnic minority communities and identity conflict would be mediated by internalized stigma among SGM assigned female at birth (SGM-AFAB). Method Participants were 316 SGM-AFAB who identified as POC. Data were collected as a part of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study of young SGM-AFAB. We tested the longitudinal mediation using data from baseline, 6-month follow-up, and 1-year follow-up assessments. Results Internalized stigma at 6-month follow-up partially mediated the association between experiences of heterosexism in racial/ethnic minority communities at baseline and identity conflict at 1-year follow-up.